The net influence of sub-grid or smaller unresolvable scale processes (which cannot be directly detected from conventional observations) on the tangential momentum field in tropical cyclones has been calculated as a residual from the grid-scale momentum budgets of sixteen rawinsonde composite data sets.

In this paper, the roles of the riming process and of rimed ice on ice multiplication were studied experimentally.

This paper presents a diagnostic study of two models proposed by Betts (1973a). The first was a model for a well-mixed sub-cloud layer capped by a more stable transition layer. The downward heat flux at the base of this transition layer is here estimated from the thermal structure of the layer to be 15-25% of the surface sensible heat flux. The second model was a model for a two layer lapse-rate structure for the cumulus layer. A sensitivity analysis...